Transciever Major Parts
1. Resistor = to control or limit the current.
Makikita nyo sa picture, 12v na dumaan sa resistor, na limit nya ang current sa 3v
2.Capacitor = ability to store electrical or voltage.
3. Transistor = to enlarge, extend the signal.
4. Diode = to rectify and detect the signal.
Rectify = to convert AC to DC.
what is RADIO
Radio = is an art of wireless communication.
1. Standard Radio
2. Output Transformer Less
Radio (O.T.L.)
Tube-Transistor = I.C.
(integrated circuit)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Electronic Symbol
antenna
Antenna Coil
I.F. (intermidiate frequency) transformer
Ang I.F. transformer ay makikita nyo sa radyo na may kulay puti, yellow at black.
kung
makikita nyo ang signal ay lumabas na nakuha sa air, or radio station.
Ang ginagawa ng if transformer ,tingnan sa picture. Ay pinapaganda nya
ang tunog, mula sa 99% clear papunta sa 100% clear, papunta sa speaker
at maririnig na natin.
Oscillator
Coil ang kulay nya ay red.
Interstage transformer
Output transformer
Resistor
Thermistor
Volume control
Capacitor
Valuable capacitor
Diode
Battery
Ground
Speaker
Wire connected
Wire not connected
Transistor
Two kinds of transistor
1. NPN
2. PNP
1. Block Diagram
2. Pictorial Diagram
3. Schematic Diagram
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1/8 watt - pinakamaliit - 1 ohm
1/4 watt - 1 ohm
1/2 watt - 1 ohm
1 watt - 1 ohm
10 watts - pinakamalaki - 1 ohm
What do resistors do?
Resistors limit current. In a
typical application, a resistor is
connected in series with an
LED:
Enough current flows to make
the LED light up, but not so
much that the LED is damaged.
Later in this Chapter, you will
find out how to calculate a
suitable value for this resistor.
Resistors
are used with transducers to make sensor subsystems. Transducers are
electronic components which convert energy from one form
into another, where one of the
forms
of energy is electrical. A light dependent resistor, or LDR, is an
example of an input transducer. Changes in the brightness of the light
shining
onto the surface of the LDR
result in changes in its
resistance. As will be explained
later, an input transducer is
most often connected along with a resistor to to make a
circuit called a potential divider. In this case, the output of the potential divider will be
a voltage signal which reflects
changes in illumination. Microphones and switches are
input transducers. Output transducers include loudspeakers, filament lamps
and LEDs. Can you think of
other examples of transducers
of each type? In other circuits, resistors are
used to direct current flow to
particular parts of the circuit,
or may be used to determine
the voltage gain of an
amplifier. Resistors are used with capacitors (Chapter 4) to
introduce time delays. Most electronic circuits require
resistors to make them work
properly and it is obviously
important to find out
something about the different
types
of resistor available, and to be able to choose the correct resistor
value, in , , or M , for a particular application. Up Go to Checkpoint .
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diode
Function Diodes allow electricity to flow
in only one direction. The arrow
of the circuit symbol shows the
direction in which the current
can flow. Diodes are the
electrical version of a valve and early diodes were actually
called valves. Forward Voltage Drop Electricity uses up a little
energy pushing its way through
the diode, rather like a person
pushing through a door with a
spring. This means that there is
a small voltage across a conducting diode, it is called
the forward voltage drop and is about 0.7V for all normal
diodes which are made from
silicon. The forward voltage
drop of a diode is almost
constant whatever the current
passing through the diode so they have a very steep
characteristic (current-voltage
graph). Reverse Voltage When a reverse voltage is
applied a perfect diode does
not conduct, but all real diodes
leak a very tiny current of a few
µA or less. This can be ignored
in most circuits because it will be very much smaller than the
current flowing in the forward
direction. However, all diodes
have a maximum reverse voltage (usually 50V or more) and if this is exceeded the
diode will fail and pass a large
current in the reverse direction,
this is called breakdown . Ordinary diodes can be split
into two types: Signal diodes which pass small currents of
100mA
or less and Rectifier diodes which can pass large currents. In addition
there are LEDs (which have their own page) and Zener diodes (at the
bottom of this page). Connecting and
soldering Diodes must be connected the
correct way round, the diagram
may be labelled a or + for anode and k or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c, for
cathode!). The cathode is
marked by a line painted on
the body. Diodes are labelled
with their code in small print,
you may need a magnifying glass to read this on small
signal diodes! Small signal diodes can be damaged by heat when
soldering, but the risk is small
unless you are using a germanium diode (codes beginning OA...) in which case
you should use a heat sink
clipped to the lead between
the joint and the diode body. A
standard crocodile clip can be
used as a heat sink. Rectifier diodes are quite robust and no special
precautions are needed for
soldering them. Testing diodes You can use a multimeter or a simple tester (battery, resistor and LED) to check that a diode
conducts in one direction but
not the other. A lamp may be
used to test a rectifier diode , but do NOT use a lamp to test a signal diode because the large current passed by the lamp will
destroy the diode! Signal diodes (small
current) Signal diodes are used to
process information (electrical
signals) in circuits, so they are
only required to pass small
currents of up to 100mA. General purpose signal diodes
such as the 1N4148 are made
from silicon and have a
forward voltage drop of 0.7V. Germanium diodes such as the OA90 have a lower forward
voltage drop of 0.2V and this
makes them suitable to use in
radio circuits as detectors
which extract the audio signal
from the weak radio signal. For general use, where the size
of the forward voltage drop is
less important, silicon diodes
are better because they are
less easily damaged by heat
when soldering, they have a lower resistance when
conducting, and they have very
low leakage currents when a
reverse voltage is applied. Protection diodes for relays Signal diodes are also used to
protect transistors and ICs from
the brief high voltage produced
when a relay coil is switched
off. The diagram shows how a
protection diode is connected 'backwards' across the relay
coil. Current flowing through a relay
coil creates a magnetic field
which collapses suddenly when
the current is switched off. The
sudden collapse of the
magnetic field induces a brief high voltage across the relay
coil which is very likely to
damage transistors and ICs.
The protection diode allows the
induced voltage to drive a brief
current through the coil (and diode) so the magnetic field
dies away quickly rather than
instantly. This prevents the
induced voltage becoming high
enough to cause damage to
transistors and ICs. Rectifier diodes (large
current) Rectifier diodes are used in
power supplies to convert
alternating current (AC) to
direct current (DC), a process
called rectification. They are
also used elsewhere in circuits where a large current must
pass through the diode. All rectifier diodes are made
from silicon and therefore have
a forward voltage drop of 0.7V.
The table shows maximum
current and maximum reverse
voltage for some popular rectifier diodes. The 1N4001 is
suitable for most low voltage
circuits with a current of less
than 1A.
L.E.D - light emiting diode
Function LEDs emit light when an
electric current passes through
them. Connecting and
soldering LEDs must be connected the
correct way round, the diagram
may be labelled a or + for anode and k or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c, for
cathode!). The cathode is the
short lead and there may be a
slight flat on the body of round
LEDs. If you can see inside the
LED the cathode is the larger electrode (but this is not an
official identification method). LEDs can be damaged by heat
when soldering, but the risk is
small unless you are very slow.
No special precautions are
needed for soldering most
LEDs. Testing an LED Never connect an LED directly
to a battery or power supply! It will be destroyed almost
instantly because too much
current will pass through and
burn it out. LEDs must have a resistor in
series to limit the current to a
safe value, for quick testing
purposes a 1k resistor is suitable for most LEDs if your
supply voltage is 12V or less. Remember to connect the LED
the correct way round!
Zener diode
Zener diodes are used to
maintain a fixed voltage. They
are designed to 'breakdown' in
a reliable and non-destructive
way so that they can be used in reverse to maintain a fixed voltage across their terminals.
The diagram shows how they
are connected, with a resistor
in series to limit the current. Zener diodes can be
distinguished from ordinary
diodes by their code and
breakdown voltage which are
printed on them. Zener diode
codes begin BZX... or BZY... Their breakdown voltage is
printed with V in place of a
decimal point, so 4V7 means
4.7V for example. Zener diodes are rated by their
breakdown voltage and
maximum power: The minimum voltage available
is 2.4V. Power ratings of 400mW and
1.3W are common.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
TYPES OF CAPACITOR
(non polarized capacitor)
1. Mylar
2. Ceramic
3. Tantalum
4. Paper
(polarized capacitor) meaning may positive at negative sya. Di pwedeng pagpalit palitin ng koneksyon
5. Electrolytic
Variable Capacitor
Eto
yung pinipihit natin sa radyo, kung anong radio station ang gusto mo
mapakinggan, kung love radio o campus ka makikinig, tuner sya kumbaga.
Sunday, March 25, 2012
Resistor Color Coding, General Theory, Multitester
General Theory
Ang D.C. (direct current) ay magsisimulang dumaloy sa - negative, papunta sa + positive.
The negative should reach to positive.
If walang load, ang circuit, or walang ilaw, kung makikita nyo sa picture, ay magiging 0 volts (close circuit) ay mag aapoy ito. O puputok at masusunog ang wire.
Can pass. Makakadaan ang d.c. dito sa resistor.
Can pass. Makakadaan ang d.c. dito sa diode kapag ang - negative ay galing sa k cathode, papunta sa + positive na a anode.
Can't pass. Kapag ang negative ay naggaling sa a, papunta sa k.
Can't pass. Hindi makakadaan ang D.C. dito sa capacitor.
Can't pass. Hindi makakadaan ang D.C. dito
A.C. (Alternating Current)
Kapag A.C. naman ang power supply.
Parehas din ito ng signal ng radio na galing sa hangin or frequency sa hangin.
Can pass. Makakadaan ang signal dito sa capacitor.
Can pass. Makakadaan ang signal dito sa resistor
Can pass. Makakadaan ang signal dito sa diode.
Can pass. Makakadaan ang signal dito.
Why do the
electrons move?
In a circuit the
electrons are
repelled by the
negative charge
at the negative
terminal of the battery and
attracted by the
positive charge at
the positive
terminal.
Therefore the electrons drift
away from the
negative terminal
and towards the
positive terminal
of the battery. When the
electrons reach
the positive
terminal a
chemical reaction
transfers them across the battery
and back to the
negative terminal. Compare the
electrons moving
through the cct. to
ball bearings
rolling down a
slide and the battery to a lift
which raises them
back to the top of
the slide each
time they reach
the bottom. Conventional current flow As stated above the movement
of electrons and therefore the
direction of current flow is
from the negative terminal of
the battery to the positive
terminal. However before the true nature of electricity was
known scientists assumed that
current was the result of the
movement of positively
charged particles and
therefore that current flowed from the positive to the
negative terminal. This
(incorrect) convention is still
used today and is called conventional current flow. When discussing the true
nature of current we call it electron flow. In general conventional current flow is
indicated on cct. diagrams and
true electron flow is used
when we describe how an
individual component works.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Resistor Color Coding
Rules of color Coding
1. Color nearest to the point as a first band.
2. If the 3rd band is silver, gold, black or brown the resistance value will be in OHM (hundred).
3. If the 3rd band is red, orange or yellow the resistance value will be in kilo (thousand).
4. If the 3rd band is green, blue, or violet the resistance value will be in mega (million).
5. If the 3rd band is gray or white the resistance value will be in giga (billion).
eto picture sa taas ang tinginan, makikita sa multiplier sa brown hanggang silver sa may 10 ay may makikita kayong numero, yung ay katumbas ng idadagdag na zero sa 1st at 2nd band. 
Unit of Resistor Symbol
Ohm - Hundred
K - kilo - thousand
M - Mega - million
G - Giga - billion
Example.
1st, 2nd, multiplier,
1. Orange, orange, brown = 330 ohm (hundred pa lang)
2. Brown, black, orange = 10,000 = 10k (dahil thousand na)
3. Brown, green, yellow = 150,000 = 150k (dahil thousand na)
4. Yellow, violet, red = 4,700 = 4.7k (thousand)
5. Red, black, black = 20 ohm (hundred pa lang)
6. Red, black, gold = 20 x 0.1 = 2 ohm
7. Red, brown, silver = 21 x 0.01 = 0.21 ohm (hundred)
8. Red, brown, white = 21,000,000,000 = 21G (billion na kasi)
9. Red, brown, violet = 210,000,000 = 210M (million na kasi)
Tolerance - a percentage by w/c actual value of resitor, capacitor or other electrical unit may be differ from nominal value either plus + or - minus.
Madalas nating makikita ito sa resistor. Ang 4rth band nya ay tolerance. Malalaman nating good ang resistor kung hindi bababa or tataas sa tolerance percent sa actual reading.
Example.
Resistor color code
orange, orange, brown, gold
= 330 ohm -+5% ang tolerance
330
x 5%
________
= 16.50
So plus or minus 16.50 sa 330.
330 + 16.5 = 346.5
330 - 16.5 = 313.5
So kung ang reading nyo sa tester ay ay nasa pagitan ng 346.5 at 313.5 ay good ang resistor nyo. Kung lumampas or bumaba, ay deffective ang resistor.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Multimeter
Ang pinakataas ng scale na makikita sa multimeter ay para sa pagsukat ng resistance = ohm. Ang zero ay nasa kanan, at ang infinity ay nasa kaliwa. So ang pagbasa ng reading ay pakaliwa.
2 lang ang dapat tandaan sa pagbasa ng reading. Ang una ay ang pagpili ng range (kung X1 or X10), tapos ilagay ang needle sa zero. Magagawa ito sa pagdikit ng test prob, ay i adjust ang knob (zero corrector) at itapat sa zero.
Ang pinakamababang range ay X1. Ang pinakamataas ay X10k.
Ang X1 range ay ginagamit kung magsusukat ka ng resistance na mas mababa or hindi lalampas sa 500 ohms.
X10 naman kung mas mababa sa 1000 ohms
X1k kung mas mataas 1000 ohms.
V.O.M. - Voltmeter, Ohmmenter, Milliammeter= the ohmeter use for measuring resistance. The topmost scale of multi meter is for ohmmeter reading, so the attention would be focused only the scale for reading resistance, zero is located on the right side of the meter infinity is on the left side the two should be taken before making any resistance measurement the first step is to select a proper range or multiplier in the function selector.
The second step is to adjust the needle or the pointer to zero reading. This done by shorting together test probs and turning slowly the ohmeter adjust knob until the needle is pointing to zero reading. Zero adjustment should be done on any multiplier range.
Accuracy of measurement therefour multiplier range in this multi-tester if SANWA type model range are X1, X10, X1k, X10k so the lowest range is X1 this range is used for measuring low resistance not exceeding 500 ohm.
For resistance measurement or less than 1000 ohm X10 range is more accurance.
External Part of Multi-Tester.
1. Indicator cover
2. Meter scale
3. Meter pointer
4. Zero corrector
5. Range selector
6. Zero ohms adjust
7. Test prob
8. + socket
9. - socket
10. Output jack
Kinds of switch, Radio Spare Part, Circuit or Wiring Connection
Type of Switch
Function of the Radio Spare Part
1. Antenna - received of frequency modulation
Nakakatanggap sya ng F.M. (frequency modulation) band sa megaherts MHZ. Yung mga kanta sa love radio na station.
2. Antenna Coil - received amplitude modulation - A.M. band.
Radyo naman ito, na mapapakinggan natin ang balita sa KHZ kiloherts.
3. Oscillator Coil - to make the signal 100% clear.
4. I.F. Transformer - to make the signal 99% clear.
5. Interstage Transformer - to make a signal 99% sound clear (booster amplifier)
6. Resistor - ability to control, limit the flow of current.
7. Capacitor - ability to store electrical charge or voltage.
Nagstore daw or naiipon ang kuryente sa kanya, para mapaandar ang isang bagay na kailangan ng mataas na kuryente.
Meron namang capacitor na ang trabaho ay ang mag filter ng kuryente para maging malinis ang daloy ng kuryente mula sa rectifier diode. Para maging smooth ang ripple o pulsating na DC.
8. Variable Capacitor - station selector switch.
Eto yung pinipìhit natin kung anong station ng radyo ang gusto mong pakinggan. Kung love radio or campus radio ka makikinig.
9. Speaker - convert electrical energy ito sound.
Ang signal ng kuryente ay ginagawa nyang tunog. Pwede din ito pagbaliktarin, at gawing Microphone, na ang tunog ay gagawing electrical energy.
10. Microphone - convert sound to electrical energy.
11. Diode - to rectify or detect the signal.
Diodes allow electricity to flow in
only one direction. The arrow of
the circuit symbol shows the
direction in which the current can
flow. Diodes are the electrical
version of a valve and early diodes were actually called valves.
Ito ay para mapadaan ang kuryente sa isang direction lamang. At may tanda o arrow sya para malaman kung ano ang direction lamang. Kung ang + posive halimbawa ay pakanan ang daan, kanan lamang ang daan nya, hindi sya makakadaan pakaliwa, dahil pipigilan sya ng diode. Isang direction laman.
May rectifier diode naman na ang trabaho ay gawing D.C. ang A.C.
12. Transistor - to enlarge and extend the signal (amplify)
Para lumakas ang mahinang signal. Kaya may tinatawag na amplifier na ang mahinang tunog ay maging malakas pero maganda pa din ang tunog.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Circuit or Wiring Connection
Electrical Prayer
From line one to switch, switch to lamp, lamp to another line.
Series Connection
Parallel Connection
3 way at 4 way switch, gamit ito para makontrol ang ilaw sa ibaw lugar.
3 way connection
4 way switch connection
Credit:
http://www.electrical-online.com/basic-4-way-switch-wiring/
http://www.ezdiyelectricity.com/?page_id=381
1. Single pole, Single throw (spst) - 
A simple on-
off switch.
This type can
be used to
switch the
power supply to a circuit. When used
with mains
electricity this
type of switch
must be in the
live wire, but it is better to use
a DPST switch
to isolate both
live and
neutral.
2. Single pole, double throw (spdt)-
ON-ON
Single Pole,
Double Throw
= SPDT This switch can
be on in both
positions,
switching on a
separate device
in each case. It is often called
a changeover switch. For example, a
SPDT switch
can be used to
switch on a red
lamp in one
position and a green lamp in
the other
position. A SPDT toggle
switch may be
used as a
simple on-off
switch by
connecting to COM and one
of the A or B
terminals
shown in the
diagram. A and
B are interchangeable
so switches are
usually not
labelled. ON-OFF-ON
SPDT Centre
Off A special
version of the
standard SPDT
switch. It has a
third switching
position in the centre which is
off. Momentary
(ON)-OFF-(ON)
versions are
also available
where the switch returns
to the central
off position
when released.
3. Double pole, single throw (dpst) -
Dual ON-OFF
Double Pole,
Single Throw =
DPST A pair of on-
off switches
which operate
together
(shown by the
dotted line in the circuit
symbol). A DPST switch
is often used
to switch mains
electricity
because it can
isolate both the live and
neutral
connections.
4. Double pole, Double throw (dpdt) - 
Dual ON-ON
Double Pole,
Double Throw
= DPDT A pair of on-
on switches
which operate
together
(shown by the
dotted line in the circuit
symbol). A DPDT switch
can be wired
up as a reversing
switch for a motor as
shown in the
diagram. ON-OFF-ON
DPDT Centre
Off A special
version of the
standard SPDT
switch. It has a
third switching
position in the centre which is
off. This can
be very useful
for motor
control
because you have forward,
off and reverse
positions.
Momentary
(ON)-OFF-(ON)
versions are also available
where the
switch returns
to the central
off position
when released.
Ampere = Horsepower
10A - 1 hp
15A - 1.5 hp
20A - 2 hp
30A - 3 hp
10A - 746 watt
15A - 1119 watt
20A - 1492 watt
30A - 2238 watt
60A - 4476 watt
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Antenna - received of frequency modulation
Nakakatanggap sya ng F.M. (frequency modulation) band sa megaherts MHZ. Yung mga kanta sa love radio na station.
2. Antenna Coil - received amplitude modulation - A.M. band.
Radyo naman ito, na mapapakinggan natin ang balita sa KHZ kiloherts.
3. Oscillator Coil - to make the signal 100% clear.
4. I.F. Transformer - to make the signal 99% clear.
5. Interstage Transformer - to make a signal 99% sound clear (booster amplifier)
6. Resistor - ability to control, limit the flow of current.
7. Capacitor - ability to store electrical charge or voltage.
Nagstore daw or naiipon ang kuryente sa kanya, para mapaandar ang isang bagay na kailangan ng mataas na kuryente.
Meron namang capacitor na ang trabaho ay ang mag filter ng kuryente para maging malinis ang daloy ng kuryente mula sa rectifier diode. Para maging smooth ang ripple o pulsating na DC.
8. Variable Capacitor - station selector switch.
Eto yung pinipìhit natin kung anong station ng radyo ang gusto mong pakinggan. Kung love radio or campus radio ka makikinig.
9. Speaker - convert electrical energy ito sound.
Ang signal ng kuryente ay ginagawa nyang tunog. Pwede din ito pagbaliktarin, at gawing Microphone, na ang tunog ay gagawing electrical energy.
10. Microphone - convert sound to electrical energy.
11. Diode - to rectify or detect the signal.
Diodes allow electricity to flow in
only one direction. The arrow of
the circuit symbol shows the
direction in which the current can
flow. Diodes are the electrical
version of a valve and early diodes were actually called valves.
Ito ay para mapadaan ang kuryente sa isang direction lamang. At may tanda o arrow sya para malaman kung ano ang direction lamang. Kung ang + posive halimbawa ay pakanan ang daan, kanan lamang ang daan nya, hindi sya makakadaan pakaliwa, dahil pipigilan sya ng diode. Isang direction laman.
May rectifier diode naman na ang trabaho ay gawing D.C. ang A.C.
12. Transistor - to enlarge and extend the signal (amplify)
Para lumakas ang mahinang signal. Kaya may tinatawag na amplifier na ang mahinang tunog ay maging malakas pero maganda pa din ang tunog.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Circuit or Wiring Connection
Electrical Prayer
From line one to switch, switch to lamp, lamp to another line.
Series Connection
Parallel Connection
3 way at 4 way switch, gamit ito para makontrol ang ilaw sa ibaw lugar.
3 way connection
4 way switch connection
Credit:
http://www.electrical-online.com/basic-4-way-switch-wiring/
http://www.ezdiyelectricity.com/?page_id=381
Common Deffect, How to know Good Resistor and Capacitor, Power Supply Project
Common Deffect
1. Open
Ito ay koneksyon na putol, kapag ginamitan ang tester ay hindi gagalaw ang pointer, nasa infinity lang.
2. Shorted
Nagdikit na ang wiring, kapag ginamitan ng tester ay gagalaw ang pointer papunta sa zero, wala ka nang mababasang resistance kundi zero.
Sa resistor ay bihirang mangyari ito. Open at Leaky lang ang madalas.
3. Change Value (Leak)
Leak= tagas.
Leaky, nagbago ang kanyang resistance, bumaba or tumaas ang value nya.
Good Resistor= the exact resistance given by an ohmmeter is with in the maximum and minimum value of the resistor.
Bad Resistor= the exact resistance given by an ohmeter is not with in the maximun and minimum value of the resistor.
Good Capacitor= the meter pointer will slightly deflect to the right side and going back to left side, to the infinity side.
Ang pagtest ng capacitor ay kelangang magdeflect sya sa kanan at babalik pakaliwa sa infinity. Pagpalitpalitin ang test prob sa terminal kung uulitin ang pagtest.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Power Supply Project
ang diode ay ganito, 1 ang direction.
Ganito ang power supply fro 220 vac to 12 vdc.
Half wave Rectifier
Full wave rectifier
Bridge Type Rectifier
Isang uri ng diode na 4 na diode na pinag isa, use para mag rectify
Step Down Power Supply
ito ay pwede kang magpalit palit ng voltage, from 3 v - 12 v.
Tandaan:
May capacitor ito at resistor para mapalinis nya ang pulsating DC.
Kapag Open na ang resistor ay 12 vdc pa din ang output voltage nya kahit inilipat sa 3 v.
Power Supply Spareparts
1 transformer 750ma
1 selector switch 5 position
4 diode IN4001 - 1 ampere
1 resistor 1k 1/4 watt
1 capacitor 1000 uf /16v
Credit:
http://www.play-hookey.com/ac_theory/ps_rectifiers.html
http://www.team-bhp.com/forum/modifications-accessories/50723-bennys-first-diy-leds-ikon-13.html http://www.tutorvista.com/topic/define-rectify
http://www.opamp-electronics.com/tutorials/rectifier_circuits_3_03_04.htm http://www.electro-tech-online.com/general-electronics-chat/110117-need-small-rectifier-design-12v-c-power-supply.html http://www.electro-tech-online.com/general-electronics-chat/110117-need-small-rectifier-design-12v-c-power-supply.html http://www.reuk.co.uk/Make-A-Bridge-Rectifier-From-Diodes.htm http://www.piclist.com/images/www/hobby_elec/e_diode.htm http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode_bridge?wasRedirected=true
http://www.industrial-electronics.com/Industrial_Power_Supplies_Inverters_and_Converter/5_Four-Diode_Full-Wave_Bridge_Rectifier.html
1. Open
Ito ay koneksyon na putol, kapag ginamitan ang tester ay hindi gagalaw ang pointer, nasa infinity lang.
2. Shorted
Nagdikit na ang wiring, kapag ginamitan ng tester ay gagalaw ang pointer papunta sa zero, wala ka nang mababasang resistance kundi zero.
Sa resistor ay bihirang mangyari ito. Open at Leaky lang ang madalas.
3. Change Value (Leak)
Leak= tagas.
Leaky, nagbago ang kanyang resistance, bumaba or tumaas ang value nya.
Good Resistor= the exact resistance given by an ohmmeter is with in the maximum and minimum value of the resistor.
Bad Resistor= the exact resistance given by an ohmeter is not with in the maximun and minimum value of the resistor.
Good Capacitor= the meter pointer will slightly deflect to the right side and going back to left side, to the infinity side.
Ang pagtest ng capacitor ay kelangang magdeflect sya sa kanan at babalik pakaliwa sa infinity. Pagpalitpalitin ang test prob sa terminal kung uulitin ang pagtest.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Power Supply Project
ang diode ay ganito, 1 ang direction.
Ganito ang power supply fro 220 vac to 12 vdc.
Half wave Rectifier
Full wave rectifier
Bridge Type Rectifier
Isang uri ng diode na 4 na diode na pinag isa, use para mag rectify
Step Down Power Supply
ito ay pwede kang magpalit palit ng voltage, from 3 v - 12 v.
Tandaan:
May capacitor ito at resistor para mapalinis nya ang pulsating DC.
Kapag Open na ang resistor ay 12 vdc pa din ang output voltage nya kahit inilipat sa 3 v.
Power Supply Spareparts
1 transformer 750ma
1 selector switch 5 position
4 diode IN4001 - 1 ampere
1 resistor 1k 1/4 watt
1 capacitor 1000 uf /16v
Credit:
http://www.play-hookey.com/ac_theory/ps_rectifiers.html
http://www.team-bhp.com/forum/modifications-accessories/50723-bennys-first-diy-leds-ikon-13.html http://www.tutorvista.com/topic/define-rectify
http://www.opamp-electronics.com/tutorials/rectifier_circuits_3_03_04.htm http://www.electro-tech-online.com/general-electronics-chat/110117-need-small-rectifier-design-12v-c-power-supply.html http://www.electro-tech-online.com/general-electronics-chat/110117-need-small-rectifier-design-12v-c-power-supply.html http://www.reuk.co.uk/Make-A-Bridge-Rectifier-From-Diodes.htm http://www.piclist.com/images/www/hobby_elec/e_diode.htm http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode_bridge?wasRedirected=true
http://www.industrial-electronics.com/Industrial_Power_Supplies_Inverters_and_Converter/5_Four-Diode_Full-Wave_Bridge_Rectifier.html
Conventional vs Electron theory
Conventional versus
electron flow "The nice thing about
standards is that there are so
many of them to choose from." Andrew S. Tanenbaum,
computer science professor When Benjamin Franklin made
his conjecture regarding the
direction of charge flow (from
the smooth wax to the rough
wool), he set a precedent for
electrical notation that exists to this day, despite the fact
that we know electrons are
the constituent units of charge,
and that they are displaced
from the wool to the wax --
not from the wax to the wool -- when those two substances
are rubbed together. This is
why electrons are said to have
a negative charge: because
Franklin assumed electric
charge moved in the opposite direction that it actually does,
and so objects he called
"negative" (representing a
deficiency of charge) actually
have a surplus of electrons. By the time the true direction
of electron flow was
discovered, the nomenclature
of "positive" and "negative"
had already been so well
established in the scientific community that no effort was
made to change it, although
calling electrons "positive"
would make more sense in
referring to "excess" charge.
You see, the terms "positive" and "negative" are human
inventions, and as such have
no absolute meaning beyond
our own conventions of
language and scientific
description. Franklin could have just as easily referred to
a surplus of charge as "black"
and a deficiency as "white," in
which case scientists would
speak of electrons having a
"white" charge (assuming the same incorrect conjecture of
charge position between wax
and wool). However, because we tend to
associate the word "positive"
with "surplus" and "negative"
with "deficiency," the standard
label for electron charge does
seem backward. Because of this, many engineers decided
to retain the old concept of
electricity with "positive"
referring to a surplus of charge,
and label charge flow (current)
accordingly. This became known as conventional flow
notation: Others chose to designate
charge flow according to the
actual motion of electrons in a
circuit. This form of symbology
became known as electron
flow notation: In conventional flow notation,
we show the motion of charge
according to the (technically
incorrect) labels of + and -. This
way the labels make sense,
but the direction of charge flow is incorrect. In electron
flow notation, we follow the
actual motion of electrons in
the circuit, but the + and -
labels seem backward. Does it
matter, really, how we designate charge flow in a
circuit? Not really, so long as
we're consistent in the use of
our symbols. You may follow
an imagined direction of
current (conventional flow) or the actual (electron flow) with
equal success insofar as circuit
analysis is concerned. Concepts
of voltage, current, resistance,
continuity, and even
mathematical treatments such as Ohm's Law (chapter 2) and
Kirchhoff's Laws (chapter 6)
remain just as valid with
either style of notation. You will find conventional
flow notation followed by
most electrical engineers, and
illustrated in most engineering
textbooks. Electron flow is
most often seen in introductory textbooks (this
one included) and in the
writings of professional
scientists, especially solid-
state physicists who are
concerned with the actual motion of electrons in
substances. These preferences
are cultural, in the sense that
certain groups of people have
found it advantageous to
envision electric current motion in certain ways. Being
that most analyses of electric
circuits do not depend on a
technically accurate depiction
of charge flow, the choice
between conventional flow notation and electron flow
notation is arbitrary . . . almost. Many electrical devices
tolerate real currents of either
direction with no difference in
operation. Incandescent lamps
(the type utilizing a thin metal
filament that glows white-hot with sufficient current), for
example, produce light with
equal efficiency regardless of
current direction. They even
function well on alternating
current (AC), where the direction changes rapidly over
time. Conductors and switches
operate irrespective of current
direction, as well. The technical
term for this irrelevance of
charge flow is nonpolarization. We could say then, that
incandescent lamps, switches,
and wires are nonpolarized
components. Conversely, any
device that functions
differently on currents of different direction would be
called a polarized device. There are many such polarized
devices used in electric circuits.
Most of them are made of so-
called semiconductor
substances, and as such aren't
examined in detail until the third volume of this book
series. Like switches, lamps,
and batteries, each of these
devices is represented in a
schematic diagram by a unique
symbol. As one might guess, polarized device symbols
typically contain an arrow
within them, somewhere, to
designate a preferred or
exclusive direction of current.
This is where the competing notations of conventional and
electron flow really matter.
Because engineers from long
ago have settled on
conventional flow as their
"culture's" standard notation, and because engineers are the
same people who invent
electrical devices and the
symbols representing them,
the arrows used in these
devices' symbols all point in the direction of conventional
flow, not electron flow. That is
to say, all of these devices'
symbols have arrow marks
that point against the actual
flow of electrons through them. Perhaps the best example of a
polarized device is the diode. A
diode is a one-way "valve" for
electric current, analogous to a
check valve for those familiar
with plumbing and hydraulic systems. Ideally, a diode
provides unimpeded flow for
current in one direction (little
or no resistance), but prevents
flow in the other direction
(infinite resistance). Its schematic symbol looks like
this: Placed within a battery/lamp
circuit, its operation is as such: When the diode is facing in the
proper direction to permit
current, the lamp glows.
Otherwise, the diode blocks all
electron flow just like a break
in the circuit, and the lamp will not glow. If we label the circuit current
using conventional flow
notation, the arrow symbol of
the diode makes perfect sense:
the triangular arrowhead
points in the direction of charge flow, from positive to
negative: On the other hand, if we use
electron flow notation to show
the true direction of electron
travel around the circuit, the
diode's arrow symbology
seems backward: For this reason alone, many
people choose to make
conventional flow their
notation of choice when
drawing the direction of
charge motion in a circuit. If for no other reason, the
symbols associated with
semiconductor components
like diodes make more sense
this way. However, others
choose to show the true direction of electron travel so
as to avoid having to tell
themselves, "just remember
the electrons are actually
moving the other way"
whenever the true direction of electron motion becomes an
issue. In this series of textbooks, I
have committed to using
electron flow notation.
Ironically, this was not my first
choice. I found it much easier
when I was first learning electronics to use conventional
flow notation, primarily
because of the directions of
semiconductor device symbol
arrows. Later, when I began
my first formal training in electronics, my instructor
insisted on using electron flow
notation in his lectures. In fact,
he asked that we take our
textbooks (which were
illustrated using conventional flow notation) and use our
pens to change the directions
of all the current arrows so as
to point the "correct" way! His
preference was not arbitrary,
though. In his 20-year career as a U.S. Navy electronics
technician, he worked on a lot
of vacuum-tube equipment.
Before the advent of
semiconductor components
like transistors, devices known as vacuum tubes or electron
tubes were used to amplify
small electrical signals. These
devices work on the
phenomenon of electrons
hurtling through a vacuum, their rate of flow controlled by
voltages applied between
metal plates and grids placed
within their path, and are best
understood when visualized
using electron flow notation. When I graduated from that
training program, I went back
to my old habit of conventional
flow notation, primarily for the
sake of minimizing confusion
with component symbols, since vacuum tubes are all but
obsolete except in special
applications. Collecting notes
for the writing of this book, I
had full intention of illustrating
it using conventional flow. Years later, when I became a
teacher of electronics, the
curriculum for the program I
was going to teach had
already been established
around the notation of electron flow. Oddly enough, this was
due in part to the legacy of my
first electronics instructor (the
20-year Navy veteran), but
that's another story entirely!
Not wanting to confuse students by teaching
"differently" from the other
instructors, I had to overcome
my habit and get used to
visualizing electron flow
instead of conventional. Because I wanted my book to
be a useful resource for my
students, I begrudgingly
changed plans and illustrated it
with all the arrows pointing
the "correct" way. Oh well, sometimes you just can't win! On a positive note (no pun
intended), I have subsequently
discovered that some students
prefer electron flow notation
when first learning about the
behavior of semiconductive substances. Also, the habit of
visualizing electrons flowing
against the arrows of
polarized device symbols isn't
that difficult to learn, and in
the end I've found that I can follow the operation of a
circuit equally well using
either mode of notation. Still, I
sometimes wonder if it would
all be much easier if we went
back to the source of the confusion -- Ben Franklin's
errant conjecture -- and fixed
the problem there, calling
electrons "positive" and
protons "negative."
electron flow "The nice thing about
standards is that there are so
many of them to choose from." Andrew S. Tanenbaum,
computer science professor When Benjamin Franklin made
his conjecture regarding the
direction of charge flow (from
the smooth wax to the rough
wool), he set a precedent for
electrical notation that exists to this day, despite the fact
that we know electrons are
the constituent units of charge,
and that they are displaced
from the wool to the wax --
not from the wax to the wool -- when those two substances
are rubbed together. This is
why electrons are said to have
a negative charge: because
Franklin assumed electric
charge moved in the opposite direction that it actually does,
and so objects he called
"negative" (representing a
deficiency of charge) actually
have a surplus of electrons. By the time the true direction
of electron flow was
discovered, the nomenclature
of "positive" and "negative"
had already been so well
established in the scientific community that no effort was
made to change it, although
calling electrons "positive"
would make more sense in
referring to "excess" charge.
You see, the terms "positive" and "negative" are human
inventions, and as such have
no absolute meaning beyond
our own conventions of
language and scientific
description. Franklin could have just as easily referred to
a surplus of charge as "black"
and a deficiency as "white," in
which case scientists would
speak of electrons having a
"white" charge (assuming the same incorrect conjecture of
charge position between wax
and wool). However, because we tend to
associate the word "positive"
with "surplus" and "negative"
with "deficiency," the standard
label for electron charge does
seem backward. Because of this, many engineers decided
to retain the old concept of
electricity with "positive"
referring to a surplus of charge,
and label charge flow (current)
accordingly. This became known as conventional flow
notation: Others chose to designate
charge flow according to the
actual motion of electrons in a
circuit. This form of symbology
became known as electron
flow notation: In conventional flow notation,
we show the motion of charge
according to the (technically
incorrect) labels of + and -. This
way the labels make sense,
but the direction of charge flow is incorrect. In electron
flow notation, we follow the
actual motion of electrons in
the circuit, but the + and -
labels seem backward. Does it
matter, really, how we designate charge flow in a
circuit? Not really, so long as
we're consistent in the use of
our symbols. You may follow
an imagined direction of
current (conventional flow) or the actual (electron flow) with
equal success insofar as circuit
analysis is concerned. Concepts
of voltage, current, resistance,
continuity, and even
mathematical treatments such as Ohm's Law (chapter 2) and
Kirchhoff's Laws (chapter 6)
remain just as valid with
either style of notation. You will find conventional
flow notation followed by
most electrical engineers, and
illustrated in most engineering
textbooks. Electron flow is
most often seen in introductory textbooks (this
one included) and in the
writings of professional
scientists, especially solid-
state physicists who are
concerned with the actual motion of electrons in
substances. These preferences
are cultural, in the sense that
certain groups of people have
found it advantageous to
envision electric current motion in certain ways. Being
that most analyses of electric
circuits do not depend on a
technically accurate depiction
of charge flow, the choice
between conventional flow notation and electron flow
notation is arbitrary . . . almost. Many electrical devices
tolerate real currents of either
direction with no difference in
operation. Incandescent lamps
(the type utilizing a thin metal
filament that glows white-hot with sufficient current), for
example, produce light with
equal efficiency regardless of
current direction. They even
function well on alternating
current (AC), where the direction changes rapidly over
time. Conductors and switches
operate irrespective of current
direction, as well. The technical
term for this irrelevance of
charge flow is nonpolarization. We could say then, that
incandescent lamps, switches,
and wires are nonpolarized
components. Conversely, any
device that functions
differently on currents of different direction would be
called a polarized device. There are many such polarized
devices used in electric circuits.
Most of them are made of so-
called semiconductor
substances, and as such aren't
examined in detail until the third volume of this book
series. Like switches, lamps,
and batteries, each of these
devices is represented in a
schematic diagram by a unique
symbol. As one might guess, polarized device symbols
typically contain an arrow
within them, somewhere, to
designate a preferred or
exclusive direction of current.
This is where the competing notations of conventional and
electron flow really matter.
Because engineers from long
ago have settled on
conventional flow as their
"culture's" standard notation, and because engineers are the
same people who invent
electrical devices and the
symbols representing them,
the arrows used in these
devices' symbols all point in the direction of conventional
flow, not electron flow. That is
to say, all of these devices'
symbols have arrow marks
that point against the actual
flow of electrons through them. Perhaps the best example of a
polarized device is the diode. A
diode is a one-way "valve" for
electric current, analogous to a
check valve for those familiar
with plumbing and hydraulic systems. Ideally, a diode
provides unimpeded flow for
current in one direction (little
or no resistance), but prevents
flow in the other direction
(infinite resistance). Its schematic symbol looks like
this: Placed within a battery/lamp
circuit, its operation is as such: When the diode is facing in the
proper direction to permit
current, the lamp glows.
Otherwise, the diode blocks all
electron flow just like a break
in the circuit, and the lamp will not glow. If we label the circuit current
using conventional flow
notation, the arrow symbol of
the diode makes perfect sense:
the triangular arrowhead
points in the direction of charge flow, from positive to
negative: On the other hand, if we use
electron flow notation to show
the true direction of electron
travel around the circuit, the
diode's arrow symbology
seems backward: For this reason alone, many
people choose to make
conventional flow their
notation of choice when
drawing the direction of
charge motion in a circuit. If for no other reason, the
symbols associated with
semiconductor components
like diodes make more sense
this way. However, others
choose to show the true direction of electron travel so
as to avoid having to tell
themselves, "just remember
the electrons are actually
moving the other way"
whenever the true direction of electron motion becomes an
issue. In this series of textbooks, I
have committed to using
electron flow notation.
Ironically, this was not my first
choice. I found it much easier
when I was first learning electronics to use conventional
flow notation, primarily
because of the directions of
semiconductor device symbol
arrows. Later, when I began
my first formal training in electronics, my instructor
insisted on using electron flow
notation in his lectures. In fact,
he asked that we take our
textbooks (which were
illustrated using conventional flow notation) and use our
pens to change the directions
of all the current arrows so as
to point the "correct" way! His
preference was not arbitrary,
though. In his 20-year career as a U.S. Navy electronics
technician, he worked on a lot
of vacuum-tube equipment.
Before the advent of
semiconductor components
like transistors, devices known as vacuum tubes or electron
tubes were used to amplify
small electrical signals. These
devices work on the
phenomenon of electrons
hurtling through a vacuum, their rate of flow controlled by
voltages applied between
metal plates and grids placed
within their path, and are best
understood when visualized
using electron flow notation. When I graduated from that
training program, I went back
to my old habit of conventional
flow notation, primarily for the
sake of minimizing confusion
with component symbols, since vacuum tubes are all but
obsolete except in special
applications. Collecting notes
for the writing of this book, I
had full intention of illustrating
it using conventional flow. Years later, when I became a
teacher of electronics, the
curriculum for the program I
was going to teach had
already been established
around the notation of electron flow. Oddly enough, this was
due in part to the legacy of my
first electronics instructor (the
20-year Navy veteran), but
that's another story entirely!
Not wanting to confuse students by teaching
"differently" from the other
instructors, I had to overcome
my habit and get used to
visualizing electron flow
instead of conventional. Because I wanted my book to
be a useful resource for my
students, I begrudgingly
changed plans and illustrated it
with all the arrows pointing
the "correct" way. Oh well, sometimes you just can't win! On a positive note (no pun
intended), I have subsequently
discovered that some students
prefer electron flow notation
when first learning about the
behavior of semiconductive substances. Also, the habit of
visualizing electrons flowing
against the arrows of
polarized device symbols isn't
that difficult to learn, and in
the end I've found that I can follow the operation of a
circuit equally well using
either mode of notation. Still, I
sometimes wonder if it would
all be much easier if we went
back to the source of the confusion -- Ben Franklin's
errant conjecture -- and fixed
the problem there, calling
electrons "positive" and
protons "negative."
Website for electronics
http://www.petervaldivia.com/technology/electricity/resistance-and-ohm-law.php
http://www.clear.rice.edu/elec201/Book/basic_elec.html
http://www.electronicsteacher.com/tutorial/
http://alignment.hep.brandeis.edu/Lab/Tutorial.html
http://informe.com/electronics/electronics_tutorial/
http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbol.htm
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_1/7.html
http://www.electronicsandyou.com/electronics-basics/diode.html
http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/diode.htm
http://www.rapidtables.com/electric/electrical_symbols.htm
http://www.rapidtables.com/electric/electrical_symbols.htm
http://www.opamp-electronics.com/tutorials/dc_theory.htm
http://www.ikalogic.com/beg_1_res_v_c.php
http://www.ikalogic.com/beg_1_res_v_c.php
http://www.ikalogic.com/beg_1_res_v_c.php
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/tutorial.html
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/tutorial.html
http://www.khazar.com/academics/portal/ucsc/2010fall/danm219/meeting02.php
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/schematics_circuits_symbols.html
http://paulgorman.org/misc/electronics/
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_1.html
http://www.best-microcontroller-projects.com/schematic-symbols.html
http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/tran.htm
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/capacitor/cap_2.html
http://www.technologystudent.com/images5/sw5.gif
http://www.clear.rice.edu/elec201/Book/basic_elec.html
http://www.electronicsteacher.com/tutorial/
http://alignment.hep.brandeis.edu/Lab/Tutorial.html
http://informe.com/electronics/electronics_tutorial/
http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbol.htm
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_1/7.html
http://www.electronicsandyou.com/electronics-basics/diode.html
http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/diode.htm
http://www.rapidtables.com/electric/electrical_symbols.htm
http://www.rapidtables.com/electric/electrical_symbols.htm
http://www.opamp-electronics.com/tutorials/dc_theory.htm
http://www.ikalogic.com/beg_1_res_v_c.php
http://www.ikalogic.com/beg_1_res_v_c.php
http://www.ikalogic.com/beg_1_res_v_c.php
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/tutorial.html
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/tutorial.html
http://www.khazar.com/academics/portal/ucsc/2010fall/danm219/meeting02.php
http://www.hobbyprojects.com/schematics_circuits_symbols.html
http://paulgorman.org/misc/electronics/
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_1.html
http://www.best-microcontroller-projects.com/schematic-symbols.html
http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/tran.htm
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/capacitor/cap_2.html
http://www.technologystudent.com/images5/sw5.gif
Resistance: Ohm´s Law
References:
http://www.petervaldivia.com/technology/electricity/resistance-and-ohm-law.php
What is Electrical Resistance?
When electrons flow through a
bulb or another conductor, the
conductor does offers some
obstruction to the current. This
obstruction is called [b]electrical resistance.[/b]
* The longer the conductor
higher the resistance.
* The smaller its area the higher
its resistance
Every material has an electrical
resistance and it is the reason
that the conductor give out
heat when the current passes
through it.
Resistance is a measure of how much an object opposes the passage of electrons. The unit of electrical resistance is the ohm and it is represented by Ω
Every material has Resistance.
Copper has a low resistance
and wood has a high
resistance. For example, a
metre of copper has a
resistance of only 1 Ohm but a metre of wood has a
resistance of 10000000 ohm
We need resistance to reduce
the flow of electrons through a
circuit, so we can build
resistors to behave as Electrical
resistance. On the right, a
resistor used in the electronic industry.
Reading Resistor Values
The resistance of resistors is
indicated using colour-coded
bands on the body of the
resistor. The first three colour
bands indicate the value of the
resistor in Ohms. The first band tells us the first digit, the
second band tell us the second
digit and the third band tell us
the number of zeros
http://www.petervaldivia.com/technology/electricity/resistance-and-ohm-law.php
What is Electrical Resistance?
When electrons flow through a
bulb or another conductor, the
conductor does offers some
obstruction to the current. This
obstruction is called [b]electrical resistance.[/b]
* The longer the conductor
higher the resistance.
* The smaller its area the higher
its resistance
Every material has an electrical
resistance and it is the reason
that the conductor give out
heat when the current passes
through it.
Resistance is a measure of how much an object opposes the passage of electrons. The unit of electrical resistance is the ohm and it is represented by Ω
Every material has Resistance.
Copper has a low resistance
and wood has a high
resistance. For example, a
metre of copper has a
resistance of only 1 Ohm but a metre of wood has a
resistance of 10000000 ohm
We need resistance to reduce
the flow of electrons through a
circuit, so we can build
resistors to behave as Electrical
resistance. On the right, a
resistor used in the electronic industry.
Reading Resistor Values
The resistance of resistors is
indicated using colour-coded
bands on the body of the
resistor. The first three colour
bands indicate the value of the
resistor in Ohms. The first band tells us the first digit, the
second band tell us the second
digit and the third band tell us
the number of zeros
Info about lra.
BTU - British Thermal Unit.
LRA - Lock Rotor Ampere
FLA - Full Load Ampere
1 ton - 12,000 btu
24,000 btu - 12.3 ampere - 2 ton - 2.5 horsepower
18,000 btu - 8.7 ampere - 1.5 ton - 2 horsepower
Capacity
Kcal 6,800 - BTU 27,000 - TUBE SIZE - High side - 3/8 Low side - 5/8
Kcal 9,200 - btu 36,000 - 3 ton - high side - 3/8 low side - 3/4
Kcal 11,600 - btu 46,000 - high - 1/2 low - 3/4
LRA -87 = RLA - 18.2 = kcal - 11,600 = 4 tons = tube size = high - 1/2 low - 3/4
Kcal BTU
6,000 - 24,000 - 2 tons
Lra - 76 Rla - 14.6
Breaker size - 3x the ampere
Capacitor - 34 uf
Fan motor
20 watts - 2 uf
50 watts - 5 uf
18,000 BTU
Capacity - 4,500 ( w )
Running Ampere - 11.6 a
Pipe Length - 20 meter ( 60 feet )
24,000 btu
5,700 w
14.4 ampere
Pipe Length - 20 m (66 ft.)
30,000 btu
6,700 w
17.0 ampere
Pipe Length - 30 meter (98 ft.)
25,000 btu (7.33 kw)
13.7 ampere
Lra 81
Elevation Limit = 30 meter outdoor higher
25 meter outdoor lower
Compressor capacitor = 35 uf
Fan capacitor = 6uf
36,000 btu = 3 ton
Ampere = 16.5 a
Pipe length limit - 40 meter (130 ft.)
Elevation Limit = 40 m Outdoor higher
30 m Outdoor Lower
Fan capacitor = 7.5 uf
Comp. = 35 uf
18,000 btu = 1.5 ton = 2hp
Amp = 10.5
2,180 w
LRA = 58
Rotary(hermetic)
Tube pipe = 1/4 high side, 1/2 low side
Fan Motor = 30 w nominal output - 1.8 uf indoor
Comp = 35 uf
Btu 22,000
6.45 kw
LRA = 76
Tube pipe = 1/4 high, 5/8 low
LRA - Lock Rotor Ampere
FLA - Full Load Ampere
1 ton - 12,000 btu
24,000 btu - 12.3 ampere - 2 ton - 2.5 horsepower
18,000 btu - 8.7 ampere - 1.5 ton - 2 horsepower
Capacity
Kcal 6,800 - BTU 27,000 - TUBE SIZE - High side - 3/8 Low side - 5/8
Kcal 9,200 - btu 36,000 - 3 ton - high side - 3/8 low side - 3/4
Kcal 11,600 - btu 46,000 - high - 1/2 low - 3/4
LRA -87 = RLA - 18.2 = kcal - 11,600 = 4 tons = tube size = high - 1/2 low - 3/4
Kcal BTU
6,000 - 24,000 - 2 tons
Lra - 76 Rla - 14.6
Breaker size - 3x the ampere
Capacitor - 34 uf
Fan motor
20 watts - 2 uf
50 watts - 5 uf
18,000 BTU
Capacity - 4,500 ( w )
Running Ampere - 11.6 a
Pipe Length - 20 meter ( 60 feet )
24,000 btu
5,700 w
14.4 ampere
Pipe Length - 20 m (66 ft.)
30,000 btu
6,700 w
17.0 ampere
Pipe Length - 30 meter (98 ft.)
25,000 btu (7.33 kw)
13.7 ampere
Lra 81
Elevation Limit = 30 meter outdoor higher
25 meter outdoor lower
Compressor capacitor = 35 uf
Fan capacitor = 6uf
36,000 btu = 3 ton
Ampere = 16.5 a
Pipe length limit - 40 meter (130 ft.)
Elevation Limit = 40 m Outdoor higher
30 m Outdoor Lower
Fan capacitor = 7.5 uf
Comp. = 35 uf
18,000 btu = 1.5 ton = 2hp
Amp = 10.5
2,180 w
LRA = 58
Rotary(hermetic)
Tube pipe = 1/4 high side, 1/2 low side
Fan Motor = 30 w nominal output - 1.8 uf indoor
Comp = 35 uf
Btu 22,000
6.45 kw
LRA = 76
Tube pipe = 1/4 high, 5/8 low
Air Conditioning Circuitand Cycle Diagram
The component at #1 in this air
conditioning circuit and cycle
diagram is the compressor.
The compressor is the heart of
the system; it keeps the
refrigerant flowing through the
system at specific rates of flow,
and at specific pressures.
It takes refrigerant vapor in
from the low pressure side of
the circuit, and discharges it at a
much higher pressure into the
high side of the circuit.
The rate of flow through the
system will depend on the size
of the unit,
And the operating pressures will
depend on the refrigerant being
used and the desired evaporator
temperature.
The component at #2 in this air
conditioning circuit and cycle
diagram is the condenser.
The red dots inside the piping
represent discharge vapor.
The solid red color represents
high pressure liquid refrigerant.
Most air cooled air conditioning
and refrigeration systems are
designed so that the refrigerant
will condense at a temperature
about 25 to 30 degrees above
outside ambient air temperature.
When the hot refrigerant vapor
discharged from the compressor
travels through the condenser,
the cool air flowing through the
condenser coil absorbs enough
heat from the vapor to cause it
to condense.
If the outside air temperature is
80 degrees, the system is
designed so that the
temperature of the refrigerant,
right at the point where it first
condenses, will be about 105 to
115 degrees.
Why do we want the refrigerant
to condense at this relatively
high temperature?
So that the air will be very cold
relative to the temperature of
the discharge vapor,
Which will allow the latent heat
energy in the vapor to transfer
over to that relatively cold air,
And cause the refrigerant to
condense.
This transfer of heat from the
vapor to the flowing air is what
makes hot air blow out of your
air conditioner's condensing
unit.
At this stage in the air
conditioning circuit and cycle
diagram, high pressure liquid
refrigerant will flow down the
liquid line, through a filter drier
that is designed to prevent
contaminants from flowing
through the system, and on to
the metering device.
The metering device, component
#3 on this air conditioning
circuit and cycle diagram, is the
dividing point between the high
pressure and low pressure sides
of the system,
And is designed to maintain a
specific rate of flow of
refrigerant into the low side of
the system.
If the wrong capacity of
metering device is used, or if
there is a problem with the
metering device,
An incorrect quantity of
refrigerant will flow into the
evaporator.
When the refrigerant passes
through the metering device, it
drops from about 225 psi to
about 70 psi,
It also drops in temperature
from about 110 degrees to
about 40 degrees,
It starts evaporating
immediately,
And it wouldn't be too inaccurate
to imagine it acting like warm
soda when you shake the bottle
and pop the top off.
It shoots out into the evaporator
foaming, bubbling, and boiling,
And remember, it's at a low
pressure, so it's only boiling at
about 40 degrees F.
And that brings us to the
evaporator, component #4 in the
air conditioning circuit and cycle
diagram.
There will be relatively warm air
flowing over the evaporator coil,
lets say about 80 degrees.
The air conditiong system is
designed so that the refrigerant
will evaporate in the evaporator
at a temperature of about 40
degrees, so that it will be cold
compared to the warm air
flowing over it.
The system is designed so that
the heat in the warm air flowing
over the evaporator will be
absorbed by the cold
evaporating refrigerant.
This cools the air flowing over
the evaporator, and is the reason
cold air blows out of your air
conditioner.
I hope this air conditioning
circuit and cycle diagram has
helped you understand air
conditioning systems, and once
again, feel to copy it and print it
out.
Air ConditionerExpansion Valvethe Fourth Component
What is air conditioner
expansion valve?
The expansion device is the
fourth major component in air
conditioner units. It ’s also known
as meter devices.
Air conditioner expansion valve
is the divided point between the
low side and the high side of the
air conditioner units. Another
dividing point is air conditioner
compressors.
The meter device is located
indoor (air handler) units with
the evaporator coils. It ’s small
and hard to see, unless you open
the evaporator compartment.
The meter devices process is
showed between points 5 and 6
in PH charts.
Types of air conditioner
expansion valve
Have a few types of ac
expansion valve in air
conditioner units:
Thermostatic expansion valve
1. Capillary tubes
2. Automatic expansion valve
I’ll discuss the operating
principles of two types of air
conditioner expansion devices,
the thermal expansion valve and
the capillary tube.
Thermal Expansion Valve
The thermostatic expansion
valve (TEV or TXV) is used for
refrigerant flow control and
operates at varying pressures
resulting from varying
temperatures. This valve
maintains constant superheat in
the evaporator.
Thermal expansion valve has a
sensing bulb, which is connected
to TXV by a length of capillary
tubing. The capillary tube
transmits sensing bulb pressures
to the top of the TXV valve ’s
diaphragm.
Capillary tube metering device
A capillary tube is a refrigerant
control; its common types of air
conditioner expansion valve. The
capillary is simply a length of
tubing with a small inside
diameter which acts as a
constant throttle on the
refrigerant entering the
evaporator.
A fine filter or filter drier installed
at the inlet of the capillary
prevents dirt from blocking the
tube.
A recent development in the
design of capillary tubes for air
conditioning system uses
capillary tubes with a larger
insider diameter and a longer
tube length. A larger diameter
tubes are less likely to become
plugged with dirt and other
impurities than a smaller
diameter tube.
The long length provides the
necessary resistance to create
the desired pressure difference
across the metering device.
The capillary tube equalizes the
pressure in the system when the
unit stops. This pressure
equalizing characteristic of the
capillary allows a low starting
torque motor to be used with
the compressor.
Typically, a capillary does not
operate as efficiently over a
wide range of conditions as
does the thermostatic expansion
valve. However, because of its
counterbalance factors in most
applications, its performance is
generally very good.
Refrigeration systems using a
capillary tube doesn ’t require the
use of a liquid receiver since all
the liquid is stored in the
evaporator during the off cycle.
However, a suction accumulator
is often found in the suction line
to prevent any non vaporized
refrigerant from reaching the
compressor.
This will prevents damage to the
compressor when excessive
liquid refrigerant enters the
evaporator on a low evaporator
load condition.
How does capillary tube works?
The capillary tube can be
described as a fixed length of
small bore tubing connecting the
high pressure side (condenser)
of a refrigeration system to the
low pressure side (evaporator).
Capillary tube works by
restricting and metering the
liquid flow, the capillary tube can
maintain the required pressure
differential between the
condenser and the evaporator.
Because of friction and
acceleration, the pressure drops
as the liquid flows through the
tube.
In order to reduce the
temperature of the liquid to the
saturation temperature of the
evaporator, some of the liquid
must turn into a vapor in the
capillary tube, “flash”, just as it
does with all refrigerant controls.
*Notes: All air conditioner
expansion valve works in similar
fashion. It shapes, size, capacity,
and manufacture are different,
but it operation principle are
alike.
System Design Factors
The capillary tube diameter and
length must be such that the
flow capacity at the design
pressures (condensing and
evaporating) equals the
compressor pumping capacity at
these same conditions.
For example, if the tube diameter
is too small (resistance to high)
the liquid refrigerant flow will be
less than the pumping capacity
of the compressor with the
evaporator being “starved” and
the suction pressure being low.
Less liquid will enters the
evaporator and the excess will
build up in the condenser
reducing the effective
condensing surface and
increasing the condensing
temperature and pressure. This
pressure change tends to
increase the flow in the tube and
at the same time reduces
compression capacity.
The system will now balance at
different from design capacity
with a reduction in compressor
and system capacity.
If the capillary tube resistance to
the refrigerant flow is too low,
(diameter of tube too large) the
flow rate will be greater than
pumping capacity. This results in
the flooding or overfeeding of
the evaporator and flood back of
liquid to the compressor.
The refrigerant system uses a
capillary tube selected for
capacity balanced conditions. A
liquid seal is present at the
capillary inlet but not excess
liquid in the condenser. The
compressor discharge and
suction pressures are normal
and the evaporator is properly
charged.
How does air conditioner
expansion valve works?
AC expansion valves work by
controlling the amount of
refrigerant flows to the
evaporator coils. It acts as
restriction to provide a specific
amount of refrigerant flows into
the evaporator coils.
This is the basic principle behind
any metering valves.
There are different types of
expansion valves used in air
conditioner units, but the
function of the metering device
used in any central air
conditioner units are two fold:
First: It controls the amount of
liquid refrigerant entering the
evaporator coils. The amount of
liquid refrigerant entering the
evaporator must equal the
amount of refrigerant boils in
the evaporator coils.
Second: It maintains a pressure
difference between the high and
low pressure sides of the system
to permit the refrigeration to
vaporize.
The pressure difference allows
the ac Freon to vaporize at low
pressure and temperature in the
evaporator; while at the same
moment, the refrigerant in the
air conditioner condenser
condenses at a high pressure,
high temperature in the
condenser units.
What is Air ConditionerCondenser?
Types of air conditioner
condenser
AC condenser units are grouped
according to how it rejects the
heat to the medium (surround
air). Here are a few condensers
units.
Air cooled condenser
Earth cooled condenser
(Geothermal Heat Pumps)
Water cooled condenser
Combination of air and water
cooled condenser (Evaporative
condensers)
Air cooled condensers are mostly
used in residential air
conditioner units and
commercial air conditioning unit.
The Air Cooled Condenser
The air conditioner parts that are
located beside residential are an
air cooled condenser.
Air cooled condenser use
outdoor air as a place to reject
the heat absorbs by the air
conditioner units. The condenser
also has parts that help with heat
reject.
Here are some of the condenser
parts:
Condenser fan blade
Condenser motor
Condenser coils
Air conditioner compressor is
within the condenser unit, but it
does not help with heat
rejection!
The condenser fan is mounted
with the air cooled condenser.
The condenser fan primary
purpose is to increase condenser
unit ’s capacity to reject heat.
Air cooled condenser come into
two types:
Fin and tube condensers
Plate condensers
The Water Cooled Condensers
The water cooled condensers
reject the heat absorbs by air
conditioner system to the water.
The water has to be clean,
noncorrosive, and at certain
temperature. This water has to
be treating to prevent pitting
corrosive, algae, scale, chalky,
and mineral deposits.
Even though, water cooled
condenser require regular
maintenance, it is more efficient
than air cooled condenser, and it
operates at much lower
condensing temperature.
Types of water cooled
condensers:
Tube in tube
Shell and coil
Shell and tube
What are air conditioner
condensers?
Air conditioner condensers are a
heat exchanger device; it has a
similar operation principle to the
evaporator.
The condenser rejects heat from
the air conditioner units to
surrounding air (medium). While
the evaporator absorbed heat
from space that needs to be cool.
In our case, it is from indoor air.
The condenser units take in
high-pressure, high temperature
refrigerant gas from the
compressor and turn it into high-
pressure, high temperature
liquid refrigerant. How does an
ac condenser change refrigerant
gas to liquid refrigerant? Here
how it does that.
Air conditioner condensing unit
work by turning vapor
refrigerant to liquid refrigerant.
There are three important steps
that should happen to the
refrigerant as it passes through
the condensing unit.
First Step: The hot vapor coming
from the compressor must be
de-superheated to the vapor
saturation point. De-
superheated? De-superheated is
removing a sensible heat from
the refrigerant, lower the
refrigerant temperature.
Second Step: In the middle of the
condenser, there should is
mixture of gas/liquid refrigerant.
This is where the refrigerant
vapor should change to 100
percent liquid refrigerant.
Third Step: The refrigerant
temperature should be lowered
below the liquid saturation point,
subcooled.
How does air conditioner
condensers make?
Here is Trane condensing unit
video:
Make sure to press the Play
button in the player controls to
watch it. Enjoy!
How air conditioner condensing
unit work
Refrigeration is the process of
removing heat from one area,
where it is not wanted, to an
area where it not makes a
difference. For the refrigeration
process to work heat has to flow
from one area to another.
Here is a step to how heat will be
transfer from AC evaporator coils
to AC condensing unit.
1. Indoor heat transfer to
refrigerant in evaporator coils
2. Compressor move heat to
condenser units
3. Air conditioner condenser rejects
heat and the process start again
In this discussion, the air
conditioner condensers will
transfer heat to air (not water).
For heat to flow one of the area
has to be at a higher
temperature. This is because
heat always flows from a high
intensity to a low intensity.
The air conditioner condensers
reject heat from the refrigeration
system absorbed at the
evaporator and also heat of
compression from the
compressor. The condenser
contains refrigerant that must
reject its heat to the outside
medium (air that surrounds the
condenser). Therefore, the
refrigerant temperature in the
condenser units must be higher
than the surrounding air.
I will explain how air conditioner
condensing unit work from PH
charts.
The condenser units receive the
hot vapor refrigerant after it
leaves the compressor through
the short refrigeration line
between the compressor and the
condenser unit. This refrigerant
line has known as the hot gas
line or discharge line.
Point 2 on the pH diagram
showed the hot vapor from the
compressor is forced into the
top of the condenser coils. The
vapor refrigerant is being
pushed at high speed and high
temperature to the condenser
units.
The vapor does not
corresponding to the saturation
pressure/temperature
relationship because the vapor
contains superheat added by the
evaporator and the heat of
compression process. This
process is shown between
points 2 to 3.
The vapor entering the
condenser is so hot compared to
the surrounding air that a heat
exchange begins to occur
immediately after the vapor
leaves the discharge area of the
compressor. Generally, the air
will be 90-105°F lower than the
superheated vapor leaving the
compressor.
The first heat exchange removes
sensible heat from the
superheated vapor bringing the
refrigerant vapor to the
saturation point, point 2 to 3 on
the pH chart.
As the refrigerant vapor
continues through the
condenser latent heat is
removed. This process is shown
between points 3 and 4. The
removal of latent heat causes a
change of state to take place.
The vapor will begins to change
to liquid from this point on until
it reaches a point nears the end
of the condenser units where
the entire vapor has changed to
liquid. This is known as the
saturated liquid point, point 4 on
the pH chart.
As the air conditioner refrigerant
flows through the last few rows
of the condenser units additional
sensible heat is removed,
lowering the refrigerant
temperature below its liquid
saturation point. This called
subcooling and represented by
the line from point 4 to 5 on the
pH chart.
There must be enough air
flowing across the AC condenser,
for vapor refrigerant to change
to liquid. The air flowing across
the condenser unit has to be
correct. This airflow has to be at
low enough temperature, so it
could absorb heat from the
condenser unit.
The entire vapor refrigerant has
to turn liquid before it leaves the
condenser units.
Remember, the air conditioner
condensers:
1. Removing sensible heat (de-
superheated).
2. Removing latent heat or
condense.
3. Removing more sensible heat
(subcooled).
This is how air conditioner
condensers work in HVAC units.
Air conditionerevaporator coils addsheat to the aircondition
What is air conditioner
evaporator?
Air conditioner evaporator is a
heat exchange. It takes in low
temperature, low-pressure liquid
refrigerant from the expansion
device and changes it into low-
pressure, low temperature vapor
refrigerant.
Evaporator coil is the
components that add heat to the
air conditioner units.
* Notes: refrigeration is the
process of removing heat from
one area where it is undesirable
to an area where it is not
significant. For this process to
work heat has to flow from one
area (medium) to another.
To make heat flows, one of the
mediums has to be at a higher
temperature. Since, heat always
flows from a high intensity to a
low intensity.
Types of air conditioner
evaporator:
Director-expansion or Air-cooled
Evaporator
1. Flooded evaporators
How does air conditioning
evaporator works?
Air conditioning evaporator
works by absorb heat from the
area (medium) that need to be
cooled. It does that by
maintaining the evaporator coil
at low temperature and pressure
than the surrounding air.
Since, the AC evaporator coil
contains refrigerant that absorbs
heat from the surrounding air,
the refrigerant temperature must
be lower than the air.
The expansion device provides a
pressure reduces between the
high side and the low side of the
system, the saturation
temperature of the refrigerant
entering the air conditioning
evaporator is lower than the
medium to be cooled.
One of the characteristic of a ac
refrigerant is that as the
pressure is reduced the boiling
point is also reduced. Therefore,
as the pressure is reduced
through the expansion device so
is the point at which it will boil
and become a vapor.
As the warm air from the space
passes over the evaporator coil,
it gives up its heat to the lower
temperature liquid/vapor
mixture passing through the
evaporator. As the liquid
refrigerant absorbs this heat it
boils changing from the liquid
state to the vapor state.
The amount of heat the air
conditioner evaporator absorbs
must equal the amount of heat it
lost
For instance, if the air
conditioning evaporator gives
up 100 Btu’s of heat to the
surrounding hot air, then the
refrigerant within the air
conditioning evaporator coil
must gain 100 Btu ’s of heat.
The amount of liquid entering
the evaporator must be enough,
so by the time it reaches the end
of the evaporator. It will be
completely boiled to the vapor
state.
There must be enough air flows
across the AC evaporator coil to
provides heat to the refrigerant
in the evaporator coil. This is just
a safety way to ensure the air
conditioner compressor doesn ’t
have the liquid refrigerant
entering it.
Air conditioning evaporator
picture above tells us what
happen to the evaporator coil.
The air conditioning evaporator
coil absorbs heat into the
refrigerant from the warmer air
passing over the surface of the
evaporator coil. The heat
absorbed causes the liquid
refrigerant to boil, changing it
from a liquid state to a vapor
state.
Types of air conditioning
evaporator coil:
Bare-tube coils
1. Finned-tube coils
2. Flat-plate coils
evaporator?
Air conditioner evaporator is a
heat exchange. It takes in low
temperature, low-pressure liquid
refrigerant from the expansion
device and changes it into low-
pressure, low temperature vapor
refrigerant.
Evaporator coil is the
components that add heat to the
air conditioner units.
* Notes: refrigeration is the
process of removing heat from
one area where it is undesirable
to an area where it is not
significant. For this process to
work heat has to flow from one
area (medium) to another.
To make heat flows, one of the
mediums has to be at a higher
temperature. Since, heat always
flows from a high intensity to a
low intensity.
Types of air conditioner
evaporator:
Director-expansion or Air-cooled
Evaporator
1. Flooded evaporators
How does air conditioning
evaporator works?
Air conditioning evaporator
works by absorb heat from the
area (medium) that need to be
cooled. It does that by
maintaining the evaporator coil
at low temperature and pressure
than the surrounding air.
Since, the AC evaporator coil
contains refrigerant that absorbs
heat from the surrounding air,
the refrigerant temperature must
be lower than the air.
The expansion device provides a
pressure reduces between the
high side and the low side of the
system, the saturation
temperature of the refrigerant
entering the air conditioning
evaporator is lower than the
medium to be cooled.
One of the characteristic of a ac
refrigerant is that as the
pressure is reduced the boiling
point is also reduced. Therefore,
as the pressure is reduced
through the expansion device so
is the point at which it will boil
and become a vapor.
As the warm air from the space
passes over the evaporator coil,
it gives up its heat to the lower
temperature liquid/vapor
mixture passing through the
evaporator. As the liquid
refrigerant absorbs this heat it
boils changing from the liquid
state to the vapor state.
The amount of heat the air
conditioner evaporator absorbs
must equal the amount of heat it
lost
For instance, if the air
conditioning evaporator gives
up 100 Btu’s of heat to the
surrounding hot air, then the
refrigerant within the air
conditioning evaporator coil
must gain 100 Btu ’s of heat.
The amount of liquid entering
the evaporator must be enough,
so by the time it reaches the end
of the evaporator. It will be
completely boiled to the vapor
state.
There must be enough air flows
across the AC evaporator coil to
provides heat to the refrigerant
in the evaporator coil. This is just
a safety way to ensure the air
conditioner compressor doesn ’t
have the liquid refrigerant
entering it.
Air conditioning evaporator
picture above tells us what
happen to the evaporator coil.
The air conditioning evaporator
coil absorbs heat into the
refrigerant from the warmer air
passing over the surface of the
evaporator coil. The heat
absorbed causes the liquid
refrigerant to boil, changing it
from a liquid state to a vapor
state.
Types of air conditioning
evaporator coil:
Bare-tube coils
1. Finned-tube coils
2. Flat-plate coils
Central air conditionercompressors It made the refrigerant flow
What are air conditioner
compressors?
Air conditioning compressor is
the heart of the air conditioner
units. It’s the mechanical
components that use electricity
and capacitor as the single
energy source to operate it.
The air conditioning compressor
is the ac parts that cause the air
conditioner refrigerant to flows
in a cycle.
What are the types of air
conditioning compressors?
There are five main types of air
conditioner compressors:
1. Reciprocating
2. Rotary compressor
3. Centrifugal compressor
4. screw compressors
5. Scroll compressors
All five groups of air conditioner
compressors work the same
way, but their internal methods
of compressing refrigerant
vapors are different.
The most common compressor is
the reciprocating compressor. It
comes into two domes or
housing:
1. Open compressors
2. Hermetic compressors
Hermetic compressor is the most
common air conditioner
compressors found in residential
AC units and light commercial
units. So, the only compressor I’ll
being focusing here is hermetic
compressors.
Hermetic compressor comes into
two types:
1. Sealed or welded hermetic
compressors
2. Semi-hermetic (this compressor
has nuts and bolts holding it
together.)
Sealed hermetic compressors
Welded hermetic compressors
aka tin can or sealed hermetic
are throwaway compressors.
There is no way of get inside the
compressor, unless it ’s cut open.
There’re few companies that
open this compressor, they are
specialize this kind of works. Air
conditioner compressors
manufacture opens the sealed
hermetic compressors to
examine it. Otherwise, its a
throwaway.
In sealed hermetic compressors
the motor and crankshaft are in
vertical position. It used the
suction refrigeration from the air
conditioner evaporator to cool
the internal compressor at an
operating temperature.
The air conditioner compressors
have a safety device inside to
protect the compressor from
heating. This device is internal
overload. The air conditioning
compressor is the most
expensive AC parts in condenser
units; it ’s wise to protect the
compressor.
In a hermetic compressors
there ’re two important tubes
that welded with the hermetic
shell. These two tubes are:
1. Suction line
2. Discharge line
The suction line is the larger line
connecting to the indoor air
conditioner evaporator. The air
conditioner compressors pull the
refrigerant through the suction
line and releases it to the air
conditioner condenser through
the discharge line.
In split-central air conditioner
units, the suction is always
insulating to prevent the cool
refrigerant from absorbing
outside heat.
Semi-hermetic compressors
This is the air conditioning
compressors that have nuts and
bolts. The motor and the
compressor are inside the heavy
iron cast. This is the compressor
that can be fixed by removing
the bolts and shells that holding
it together.
There aren’t many residential
that used these types of
compressor, but you could find
in larger home and light
commercial. It can be fixed in the
field, if you have the necessary
air conditioner equipment.
Central air conditioning
compressor Video
Make sure to press the Play
button in the player controls to
watch it. Enjoy!
Central air conditioner
compressor Training Videos
made by Danfoss
How does a central air
conditioner compressor works?
The central air conditioner
compressor works by using an
electricity to energize the motor;
which it turns cause compressor
crankshaft to rotates.
Reciprocating compressors are a
piston-cylinder type of pump.
The main parts include a
cylinder, piston, connecting rod,
crankshaft, cylinder head and
valves. The operating cycle of a
reciprocating compressor is
shown below.
On the down stroke of the
piston, a low pressure area is
created between the top of the
piston, the cylinder head and the
suction line of the air
conditioning evaporator. Cold
refrigerant vapor rushes
through the suction valve inlet
and into the low pressure area.
On the up stroke, the suction
valve closes and the exhaust
(discharge) valve is forced open
with the increasing pressure. The
vapor is compressed and forced
into the discharge (high) side of
the refrigeration system.
When the piston reaches the top
of the cylinder, the discharge
valve closes, and the suction
valve opens as the piston starts
down again drawing in cold
refrigerant vapor to complete
the cycle.
Note that the connecting rod
attached between the crankshaft
and piston serves to change
rotary motion into reciprocating
(back and forth) motion.
The piston rings prevent the
vapor from escaping between
the piston and cylinder walls and
improve the operating
efficiency.
The compressor housing or
crankcase contains the bearing
surfaces for the crankshaft and
stores the oil that lubricates the
compressor parts.
The process of the air
conditioning compressors are
showed between points 1 and 2
on the PH chart.
In split- central air conditioner
units, the compressor is located
outside within the condenser
units. It ’s a vapor pump!
Compressors produce a pressure
different between the low side
(suction pressure) and high sides
(discharge pressure) of the
refrigeration system.
This is achieved by pulling of
low pressure, low temperature,
superheated refrigerant vapor
from the suction (evaporator)
side.
It pulls the correct amount of
refrigerant to fill the volume. The
refrigerant goes through the
compressor, after it crosses the
compressor it then creates a
high temperature, high pressure
superheated refrigerant vapor to
the high pressure side (air
conditioner condenser side).
The compression of the vapor
causes the transfer of heat
energy to flows from the low
side to the high side of the
system.
As the air conditioning
compressors compression the
refrigerant, additional heat is
added to the refrigerant. These
heats are:
1. Heat of compression
2. Mechanical friction heat
3. Compressors winding heat
4. Other suction line heat
The pressure different created
by the operation of the
compressor is responsible for
refrigerant flow through the
refrigeration cycle.
compressors?
Air conditioning compressor is
the heart of the air conditioner
units. It’s the mechanical
components that use electricity
and capacitor as the single
energy source to operate it.
The air conditioning compressor
is the ac parts that cause the air
conditioner refrigerant to flows
in a cycle.
What are the types of air
conditioning compressors?
There are five main types of air
conditioner compressors:
1. Reciprocating
2. Rotary compressor
3. Centrifugal compressor
4. screw compressors
5. Scroll compressors
All five groups of air conditioner
compressors work the same
way, but their internal methods
of compressing refrigerant
vapors are different.
The most common compressor is
the reciprocating compressor. It
comes into two domes or
housing:
1. Open compressors
2. Hermetic compressors
Hermetic compressor is the most
common air conditioner
compressors found in residential
AC units and light commercial
units. So, the only compressor I’ll
being focusing here is hermetic
compressors.
Hermetic compressor comes into
two types:
1. Sealed or welded hermetic
compressors
2. Semi-hermetic (this compressor
has nuts and bolts holding it
together.)
Sealed hermetic compressors
Welded hermetic compressors
aka tin can or sealed hermetic
are throwaway compressors.
There is no way of get inside the
compressor, unless it ’s cut open.
There’re few companies that
open this compressor, they are
specialize this kind of works. Air
conditioner compressors
manufacture opens the sealed
hermetic compressors to
examine it. Otherwise, its a
throwaway.
In sealed hermetic compressors
the motor and crankshaft are in
vertical position. It used the
suction refrigeration from the air
conditioner evaporator to cool
the internal compressor at an
operating temperature.
The air conditioner compressors
have a safety device inside to
protect the compressor from
heating. This device is internal
overload. The air conditioning
compressor is the most
expensive AC parts in condenser
units; it ’s wise to protect the
compressor.
In a hermetic compressors
there ’re two important tubes
that welded with the hermetic
shell. These two tubes are:
1. Suction line
2. Discharge line
The suction line is the larger line
connecting to the indoor air
conditioner evaporator. The air
conditioner compressors pull the
refrigerant through the suction
line and releases it to the air
conditioner condenser through
the discharge line.
In split-central air conditioner
units, the suction is always
insulating to prevent the cool
refrigerant from absorbing
outside heat.
Semi-hermetic compressors
This is the air conditioning
compressors that have nuts and
bolts. The motor and the
compressor are inside the heavy
iron cast. This is the compressor
that can be fixed by removing
the bolts and shells that holding
it together.
There aren’t many residential
that used these types of
compressor, but you could find
in larger home and light
commercial. It can be fixed in the
field, if you have the necessary
air conditioner equipment.
Central air conditioning
compressor Video
Make sure to press the Play
button in the player controls to
watch it. Enjoy!
Central air conditioner
compressor Training Videos
made by Danfoss
How does a central air
conditioner compressor works?
The central air conditioner
compressor works by using an
electricity to energize the motor;
which it turns cause compressor
crankshaft to rotates.
Reciprocating compressors are a
piston-cylinder type of pump.
The main parts include a
cylinder, piston, connecting rod,
crankshaft, cylinder head and
valves. The operating cycle of a
reciprocating compressor is
shown below.
On the down stroke of the
piston, a low pressure area is
created between the top of the
piston, the cylinder head and the
suction line of the air
conditioning evaporator. Cold
refrigerant vapor rushes
through the suction valve inlet
and into the low pressure area.
On the up stroke, the suction
valve closes and the exhaust
(discharge) valve is forced open
with the increasing pressure. The
vapor is compressed and forced
into the discharge (high) side of
the refrigeration system.
When the piston reaches the top
of the cylinder, the discharge
valve closes, and the suction
valve opens as the piston starts
down again drawing in cold
refrigerant vapor to complete
the cycle.
Note that the connecting rod
attached between the crankshaft
and piston serves to change
rotary motion into reciprocating
(back and forth) motion.
The piston rings prevent the
vapor from escaping between
the piston and cylinder walls and
improve the operating
efficiency.
The compressor housing or
crankcase contains the bearing
surfaces for the crankshaft and
stores the oil that lubricates the
compressor parts.
The process of the air
conditioning compressors are
showed between points 1 and 2
on the PH chart.
In split- central air conditioner
units, the compressor is located
outside within the condenser
units. It ’s a vapor pump!
Compressors produce a pressure
different between the low side
(suction pressure) and high sides
(discharge pressure) of the
refrigeration system.
This is achieved by pulling of
low pressure, low temperature,
superheated refrigerant vapor
from the suction (evaporator)
side.
It pulls the correct amount of
refrigerant to fill the volume. The
refrigerant goes through the
compressor, after it crosses the
compressor it then creates a
high temperature, high pressure
superheated refrigerant vapor to
the high pressure side (air
conditioner condenser side).
The compression of the vapor
causes the transfer of heat
energy to flows from the low
side to the high side of the
system.
As the air conditioning
compressors compression the
refrigerant, additional heat is
added to the refrigerant. These
heats are:
1. Heat of compression
2. Mechanical friction heat
3. Compressors winding heat
4. Other suction line heat
The pressure different created
by the operation of the
compressor is responsible for
refrigerant flow through the
refrigeration cycle.
International a/c technician, Aircon Breaker Trip
Eto ang international technician ng aircon.
http://forum.doityourself.com/air-conditioning-cooling-systems-126/
1.Nag trip ang breaker ng
window type aircon warning: Huwag nyong buhayin agad
ang a/c, maaring shorted na
ang compressor nito kaya nag
trip ang breaker. Sasabog ang
terminal ng compressor at
mabubutas, tatalsik ang freon at langis, magkakalat pa
kayo.
Siguraduhing i check ang
compressor. ganito ang dapat gawin. Namatay ang aircon, naka on
naman ito, walang supply sa
saksakan. Then na check nyo ang
breaker nya ay nag trip.
Huwag itaas or ibalik ang
breaker. Bunutin ang
saksakan ng a/c. I check nang
mabuti ang ac, maaring sumabog ang aircon., alamin
muna ang dahilan kung bakit
nag trip ang breaker. Bago sya
ibalik sa dati.
http://forum.doityourself.com/air-conditioning-cooling-systems-126/
1.Nag trip ang breaker ng
window type aircon warning: Huwag nyong buhayin agad
ang a/c, maaring shorted na
ang compressor nito kaya nag
trip ang breaker. Sasabog ang
terminal ng compressor at
mabubutas, tatalsik ang freon at langis, magkakalat pa
kayo.
Siguraduhing i check ang
compressor. ganito ang dapat gawin. Namatay ang aircon, naka on
naman ito, walang supply sa
saksakan. Then na check nyo ang
breaker nya ay nag trip.
Huwag itaas or ibalik ang
breaker. Bunutin ang
saksakan ng a/c. I check nang
mabuti ang ac, maaring sumabog ang aircon., alamin
muna ang dahilan kung bakit
nag trip ang breaker. Bago sya
ibalik sa dati.
1.magcharge ng freon sa 3 tons a/c
Ganito ang pagkakarga ng freon sa a/c na 3 tons pataas. May low pressure kasi ang mga yan. Kapag mababa ang psi ng freon, namamatay ang compressor.
Ganito ang gawin:
pagshorted-en ang low
pressure switch para hindi
mamatay ang aircon kapag
kinakargahan ng freon. ito ay
ginagawa sa 3 tons aircon
2. Umaandar ang aircon sa simula, after 1 hour
patay. Aandar ulit.
Umaandar sa unang buhay ang
aircon. Tapos mamatay. posible cause Maaring madumi na ang
aircon. Kelangang linisin
(nilinisan na ang aircon, ganun
pa din) Dahil may leak back na ang
compressor. Kapag pinatay
mo
ang compressor. Hipuin ito sa
suction line ang normal ay
malamig ito. Kung paghipo ay mainit, may leak back ang
compressor.
3.nagyeyelo mababa karga/ trip kapag
normal ng freon
problem ito sa national
window type aircon. 3 ang
linya ng capillary line. 1 3/4 ang original horse power
ng compressor. Then pinalitan
ng 2 hp compressor.
Ang nanyari:
-nagyeyelo kapag mababa
ang karga ng freon -kapag normal
ang karga, nag
trip naman. Solusyon:
Dahil walang balik ang mula
discharge ang compressor. 3
linya ng capillary ay maliit ang
butas. At wala nang mahigop
ang compressor mula sa evaporator. Ang ginawa ay palitan ang
expansion valve ang 3
capillary
tube ng mas malaki ang butas
ang ginamit na size na copper
tube ay 1/8.
Ganito ang pagkakarga ng freon sa a/c na 3 tons pataas. May low pressure kasi ang mga yan. Kapag mababa ang psi ng freon, namamatay ang compressor.
Ganito ang gawin:
pagshorted-en ang low
pressure switch para hindi
mamatay ang aircon kapag
kinakargahan ng freon. ito ay
ginagawa sa 3 tons aircon
2. Umaandar ang aircon sa simula, after 1 hour
patay. Aandar ulit.
Umaandar sa unang buhay ang
aircon. Tapos mamatay. posible cause Maaring madumi na ang
aircon. Kelangang linisin
(nilinisan na ang aircon, ganun
pa din) Dahil may leak back na ang
compressor. Kapag pinatay
mo
ang compressor. Hipuin ito sa
suction line ang normal ay
malamig ito. Kung paghipo ay mainit, may leak back ang
compressor.
3.nagyeyelo mababa karga/ trip kapag
normal ng freon
problem ito sa national
window type aircon. 3 ang
linya ng capillary line. 1 3/4 ang original horse power
ng compressor. Then pinalitan
ng 2 hp compressor.
Ang nanyari:
-nagyeyelo kapag mababa
ang karga ng freon -kapag normal
ang karga, nag
trip naman. Solusyon:
Dahil walang balik ang mula
discharge ang compressor. 3
linya ng capillary ay maliit ang
butas. At wala nang mahigop
ang compressor mula sa evaporator. Ang ginawa ay palitan ang
expansion valve ang 3
capillary
tube ng mas malaki ang butas
ang ginamit na size na copper
tube ay 1/8.
What is air conditioner evaporator?
Source:
http://www.central-air-conditioner-and-refrigeration.com/air_conditioner_evaporator.html
Air conditioner evaporator is a
heat exchange. It takes in low
temperature, low-pressure
liquid refrigerant from the
expansion device and changes
it into low-pressure, low temperature vapor refrigerant.
* Notes: refrigeration is the
process of removing heat from
one area where it is
undesirable to an area where
it is not significant. For this
process to work heat has to flow from one area (medium)
to another.
To make heat flows, one of the
mediums has to be at a higher
temperature. Since, heat
always flows from a high
intensity to a low intensity.
Types of air conditioner
evaporator:
1. Flooded evaporators
How does air conditioning
evaporator works?
Air conditioning evaporator
works by absorb heat from the
area (medium) that need to be
cooled. It does that by
maintaining the evaporator
coil at low temperature and pressure than the surrounding
air.
Since, the AC evaporator coil
contains refrigerant that
absorbs heat from the
surrounding air, the refrigerant
temperature must be lower
than the air.
The expansion device provides
a pressure reduces between
the high side and the low side
of the system, the saturation
temperature of the refrigerant
entering the air conditioning evaporator is lower than the
medium to be cooled.
One of the characteristic of a ac refrigerant is that as the pressure is reduced the boiling
point is also reduced.
Therefore, as the pressure is
reduced through the expansion
device so is the point at which
it will boil and become a vapor.
As the warm air from the
space passes over the
evaporator coil, it gives up its
heat to the lower temperature
liquid/vapor mixture passing
through the evaporator. As the liquid refrigerant absorbs this
heat it boils changing from the
liquid state to the vapor state.
For instance, if the air
conditioning evaporator gives
up 100 Btu’ s of heat to the surrounding hot air, then the
refrigerant within the air
conditioning evaporator coil
must gain 100 Btu’ s of heat.
The amount of liquid entering
the evaporator must be
enough, so by the time it
reaches the end of the
evaporator. It will be
completely boiled to the vapor state.
There must be enough air
flows across the AC evaporator
coil to provides heat to the
refrigerant in the evaporator
coil. This is just a safety way to
ensure the air conditioner compressor doesn’ t have the liquid refrigerant entering it.
Air conditioning evaporator
picture above tells us what
happen to the evaporator coil.
The air conditioning
evaporator coil absorbs heat
into the refrigerant from the
warmer air passing over the
surface of the evaporator coil.
The heat absorbed causes the liquid refrigerant to boil,
changing it from a liquid state
to a vapor state.
Types of air conditioning
evaporator coil:
1. Finned-tube coils
2. Flat-plate coils
central air conditioner parts
Air Conditioner Condenser
Air Conditioner Compressors
Air Conditioner expansion
valve
http://www.central-air-conditioner-and-refrigeration.com/air_conditioner_evaporator.html
Air conditioner evaporator is a
heat exchange. It takes in low
temperature, low-pressure
liquid refrigerant from the
expansion device and changes
it into low-pressure, low temperature vapor refrigerant.
- Evaporator coil is the components that add heat to the air conditioner units.
* Notes: refrigeration is the
process of removing heat from
one area where it is
undesirable to an area where
it is not significant. For this
process to work heat has to flow from one area (medium)
to another.
To make heat flows, one of the
mediums has to be at a higher
temperature. Since, heat
always flows from a high
intensity to a low intensity.
Types of air conditioner
evaporator:
- Director-expansion or Air-
1. Flooded evaporators
How does air conditioning
evaporator works?
Air conditioning evaporator
works by absorb heat from the
area (medium) that need to be
cooled. It does that by
maintaining the evaporator
coil at low temperature and pressure than the surrounding
air.
Since, the AC evaporator coil
contains refrigerant that
absorbs heat from the
surrounding air, the refrigerant
temperature must be lower
than the air.
The expansion device provides
a pressure reduces between
the high side and the low side
of the system, the saturation
temperature of the refrigerant
entering the air conditioning evaporator is lower than the
medium to be cooled.
One of the characteristic of a ac refrigerant is that as the pressure is reduced the boiling
point is also reduced.
Therefore, as the pressure is
reduced through the expansion
device so is the point at which
it will boil and become a vapor.
As the warm air from the
space passes over the
evaporator coil, it gives up its
heat to the lower temperature
liquid/vapor mixture passing
through the evaporator. As the liquid refrigerant absorbs this
heat it boils changing from the
liquid state to the vapor state.
- The amount of heat the air conditioner evaporator absorbs must equal the amount of heat it lost
For instance, if the air
conditioning evaporator gives
up 100 Btu’ s of heat to the surrounding hot air, then the
refrigerant within the air
conditioning evaporator coil
must gain 100 Btu’ s of heat.
The amount of liquid entering
the evaporator must be
enough, so by the time it
reaches the end of the
evaporator. It will be
completely boiled to the vapor state.
There must be enough air
flows across the AC evaporator
coil to provides heat to the
refrigerant in the evaporator
coil. This is just a safety way to
ensure the air conditioner compressor doesn’ t have the liquid refrigerant entering it.
Air conditioning evaporator
picture above tells us what
happen to the evaporator coil.
The air conditioning
evaporator coil absorbs heat
into the refrigerant from the
warmer air passing over the
surface of the evaporator coil.
The heat absorbed causes the liquid refrigerant to boil,
changing it from a liquid state
to a vapor state.
Types of air conditioning
evaporator coil:
- Bare-tube coils
1. Finned-tube coils
2. Flat-plate coils
central air conditioner parts
Air Conditioner Condenser
Air Conditioner Compressors
Air Conditioner expansion
valve
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